Rationale Behind Crazy Transfer Fee of English Soccer Players Free Essays

Rationale behind crazy Transfer fee of English Soccer Players England had a disastrous Football world cup in South Africa. English players are deemed as over-rated and perennial under achievers. But when it comes to the transfer fees, English players are able to command a premium. We will write a custom essay sample on Rationale Behind Crazy Transfer Fee of English Soccer Players or any similar topic only for you Order Now Liverpool paid ? 35 million for Andy Carroll, ? 16 million for Jordan Henderson and ? 20 million for Stewart Downing. Manchester City paid ? 26 million for James Milner and Manchester United paid ? 17 million for Ashley Young and ? 16. million for Phil Jones, who is just 19 and played only 28 times in English premier league. The important point to consider here is all the above mentioned players come from mediocre clubs and none have premier league winners medal under their belt. What is the mystery behind their astronomical transfer fees? The answer lies elsewhere. UEFA (Union of European Football Associations) has introduced a new ‘home-grown’ rule which states that each participating club in European competitions should have at least at least 8 homegrown players in their squad of 25. A player who is registered for at least three seasons at an English or Welsh club and is between the ages of 16 and 21 is termed as an home-grown player. The FIFA (International Federation of Association Football), the supreme body of the football is working on introducing a whole new system – nine players on every 18-man match day  squad must be home-grown. These developments have caught the English clubs off guard as most of the clubs don’t have the required number of English players in their squad sheet. The home-grown rule has forced the English clubs to go for head hunting of the English talent. The Demand –Supply curve of the transfer market for the English players is given below. D1 = Demand of English players before the implementation of ‘home-grown’ rule D2 = Demand of English players before the implementation of ‘home-grown’ S = Supply of English players p1 = Transfer Amount before FIFA implemented the ‘home-grown’ rule p2 = Transfer Amount after the implementation of ‘home-grown’ rule q1 = Number of English players in demand before the implementation of ‘home-grown’ rule q2 = Number of English players in demand before the implementation of ‘home-grown’ rule The home-grown rule has moved the demand curve to the right and with supply of the English players remaining almost the same; two changes have happened to the equilibrium 1. The equilibrium number of players has increased as there is more demand from English clubs 2. The equilibrium transfer amount has increased and this explains why even the mediocre English players are able to command a premium in the transfer market. Recently many problems have arisen due to the high price tags. Most of these players are either young or mediocre that they don’t find place in the starting lineup of the clubs. Players get frustrated by the lack of playing time and some of them put in transfer request. Also, the high price tags put immense pressure on these players to live up to the expectations. The danger with paying such a high price for a young player is that he might crumble under the pressure of expectations. James Milner is a perfect anecdote for this as he struggled to hold a place in Manchester City’s starting lineup during last season. ———————– Transfer fee A English Players A p2 p1 q1 q2 S D1 D2 How to cite Rationale Behind Crazy Transfer Fee of English Soccer Players, Essay examples

Envi science free essay sample

Recognized educational institutions presenting candidates for a cape associate degree in one of the nine categories must, on registering these candidates at the start of the qualifying year, have them confirm in the required form, the associate degree they wish to be awarded. Candidates will not be awarded any possible alternatives for which they did not apply. Cxc a25/u2/10 cxc a25/u2/10 t environmental science syllabus  ¦ rationale s cience plays a major role in the evolution of knowledge by empowering us with the skills required for creative and independent problem-solving. It arouses our natural curiosity, encourages our ability to enquire, to pose questions, and to conduct research required to obtain answers. This approach leads to the construction of hypotheses, theories and laws that help us to explain natural phenomena, to understand human activities in relation to natural phenomena, and through this to meet the challenge of survival and progress in a diverse and changing world. The environment and natural resource base of the caribbean are critical for the welfare of caribbean people. Natural resource and environmental management and conservation are pre-requisites for sustainable development in the region. Achieving sustainable development requires an appreciation of the value of natural resources and the environment, and the development of the knowledge base and skills required for effective management. A firm grounding in these skills, knowledge and attitudes is provided through a study of environmental science. Environmental science is an interdisciplinary subject which draws on the content of several disciplines to offer a balanced scientific and holistic perspective of environmental issues. It provides knowledge, skills and attitudes to identify, prevent and solve environmental problems and thereby prepares students for ultimate careers in diverse fields of relevance to environmental management and to sustainable development of the caribbean region. This cape syllabus in environmental science presents a coherent course of study which provides a specific knowledge base of the environment and which facilitates the development of related skills and attitudes. The syllabus takes into account the requirements for tertiary education at regional and international institutions. It is intended for a wide range of students, including traditional sixth form students, part-time, mature and private students. This syllabus will contribute to the development of the ideal caribbean person as articulated by the caricom heads of government in the following areas: respect for human life and awareness of the importance of living in harmony with the environment; multiple literacies; independent and critical thinking and the innovative application of science and technology to problem solving. Based on the unesco pillars of learning, this course of study will also contribute to a person who will learn how to do, learn to live together and learn to transform themselves and society. Cxc a25/u2/10 1  ¦ aims the syllabus aims to: 1. Stimulate interest in the environment; 2. Develop an understanding of the interdisciplinary and holistic nature of the environment; 3. Develop knowledge and understanding of environmental issues and principles and the ability to apply these to environmental management, particularly in a caribbean context; 4. Develop the ability to identify critical research questions and formulate hypothesis or guiding statements. 5. Develop the ability to collect, collate, analyze and interpret environmental data; 6. Develop the ability to communicate environmental information and ideas logically and concisely in a variety of forms; 7. Provide an understanding of interactions between people and the environment; 8. Increase an awareness of the importance of living in harmony with the environment; 9. Recognize and evaluate the socio-economic, political and ethical issues in environmental science; Foster positive attitudes, values and commitment to identifying, solving and preventing environmental problems; 11. Develop an understanding of how natural resources and the environment affect quality of life and the quest for sustainable development in the caribbean.  ¦ skills and abilities to be assessed the skills and abilities which students are expected to develop on completion of the syllabus have been grouped under three main headings: (i) (ii) (iii) knowledge and comprehension; application of knowledge; practical abilities. Cxc a25/u2/10 2 knowledge and comprehension The examination will test candidates’ skills and abilities to: (i) define terms and explain concepts; (ii) describe processes; (iii) state principles and properties; (iv) explain interactions and inter-relationships. Application of knowledge the examination will test candidates’ skills and abilities to: (i) analyze and discuss different environmental situations; (ii) evaluate and justify options (for the use of resources); (iii) compare and contrast alternative solutions to environmental problems; (iv) select techniques and methodologies appropriate to different environmental situations; (v) Suggest possible solutions to specific environmental problems; (vi) draw inferences from environmental data. Practical abilities the examination will test candidates’ skills and abilities to: (i) select techniques, designs, methodologies and instruments appropriate to different environmental situations; (ii) use instruments to measure environmental parameters; (iii) collect and collate data; (iv) analyze, interpret and present data; (v) use quantitative techniques appropriately; (vi) develop appropriate solutions to specific environmental problems. Cxc a25/u2/10 3  ¦ pre-requisites of the syllabus Any person with a good grasp of the contents of the caribbean secondary education certificate (csec) integrated science or physics or chemistry or biology or geography or agricultural science syllabuses, or the equivalent, should be able to pursue the course of study defined by the syllabus. However, successful participation in the course of study will also depend on the possession of good verbal and written communication skills.  ¦ structure of the syllabus the subject is organised in two units. Each unit contains a body of knowledge and skills drawn from several disciplines that impact on the environment. Unit 1 addresses ecology, human population and natural resource use, while unit 2 deals with agriculture, energy, and environmental pollution. A unit comprises three modules, each requiring 50 hours. The total time for each unit, is therefore, expected to be 150 hours. Each unit can independently offer students a comprehensive programme of study with appropriate balance between depth and coverage to provide a basis for further study in this field. Unit 1: ecology, human population and natural resources module 1 module 2 module 3 fundamental ecological principles human population and the environment Sustainable use of natural resources unit 2: agriculture, energy and environmental pollution module 1 module 2 module 3 agriculture and the environment energy and the environment pollution of the environment in this syllabus, the specific objectives which are denoted by an asterisk (*) are particularly suitable for practical exercises. However, the project need not be limited to these objectives. Cxc a25/u2/10 4  ¦ unit 1: ecology, human population and natural resources module 1: fundamental ecological principles general objectives on completion of this module, students should: 1. Understand the basic ecological concepts; 2. Understand the processes that govern the interactions of organisms with the biotic and abiotic components of their environment; 3. Understand the relationship between people and the environment; 4. Acquire knowledge and develop practical and analytical skills. Specific objectives explanatory notes students should be able to: 1. Differentiate between key ecological terms and concepts; ecology: species, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, habitat, niche, biome, ecotone. 2. Explain the relationship between living organisms and Their environment; (i) the biotic and abiotic environments. (ii) tolerance ranges and limiting factors. (iii) ecological niches: (a) (b) cxc a25/u2/10 5 fundamental niche; realised niche. Unit 1 module 1: fundamental ecological principles (cont’d) specific objectives explanatory notes students should be able to: 3. Outline the importance biogeochemical cycles; of (i) carbon cycle. (ii) nitrogen cycle. (iii) phosphorus cycle. (iv) water cycle. Include basic chemical equations and formula for biogeochemical cycles. 4. Explain the significance of biogeochemical cycles to organisms; 5. Explain how energy and nutrients Flows within ecosystems; food chains and webs. (iii) trophic levels. (iv) ecological pyramids. (i) competition. (ii) predator-prey. (iii) discuss types of interactions between organisms in communities; productivity ecosystems. (ii) 6. (i) of symbiosis: (a) commensalism; (c) and parasitism; (b) producers mutualism. 7. Explain how ecosystems are selfsustaining; ecological succession and climax communities. 8. Explain the process of natural selection and adaptation to the environment; natural selection, evolution and adaptation. Cxc a25/u2/10 6 unit 1 module 1: fundamental ecological principles (cont’d) Specific objectives explanatory notes students should be able to: 9. Determine population size appropriate sampling methods; 10. Using population sampling methods for moving and non-moving organisms (for example, quadrats, transects, capture, mark, release, recapture). Calculate species diversity; where biotic potential. Exponential population growth. Environmental resistance. (i) human beings as part of the natural ecosystems. Benefits of natural ecosystems. (iii) evaluate human interactions within natural ecosystems; (i) anthropogenic impact on ecosystems and biodiversity and the need to maintain its Integrity. Explain the concept of carrying capacity; 14. Community and ecosystem stability. (ii) 13. Diversity between species. (iii) identify factors affecting population growth in a natural ecosystem; (ii) (ii) 12. Analyse the relationship between species diversity and ecosystem stability; (i) (iii) 11. D – species diversity n – total number of organism of all species n total number of organism of a particular species diversity within species. 15. Investigate at least two ecosystems in a territory;* cxc a25/u2/10 consider both terrestrial and aquatic (freshwater and marine) ecosystems. 7 unit 1 Module 1: fundamental ecological principles (cont’d) 16. Measure and discuss environmental parameters in a given habitat;* 17. Apply scientific method to experimental design and analysis; 18. See suggested teaching-learning activities. Present and interpret data using appropriate charts, table, graphs. Suggested teaching and learning activities to facilitate students’ attainment of the objectives of this module, teachers are advised to engage students in the teaching and learning activities listed below. 1. Define environmental science 2. Formulate hypothesis, develop guiding statements and generate and interpret data. Discuss current environmental issues and highlight the importance of adopting an interdisciplinary approach. 4. Sample an ecosystem to determine population density and distribution. 5. Conduct study visits, to identify species diversity. 6. Investigate environmental parameters in a natural aquatic environment. 7. Create models of existing ecosystems in a specific location. 8. Create food webs and analyse possible disruption of feeding relationships. 9. Study the source(s) and distribution of a country’s freshwater supply and its level of dependence on natural water cycles. 10. Visit to an ecosystem to identify and quantify human use of its components. Cxc a25/u2/10 8 unit 1 module 1: fundamental ecological principles (cont’d) resources botkin, d. , and keller, e. Environmental science: earth as a living planet, new york: john wiley and sons, 1997. Chiras, daniel d. Environmental science. Action for a sustainable future, united states of america: the benjamin/cummings publishing company inc. , 1994. Cunningham, w. And saigo, b. Environmental science. A global concern, new york: mcgraw hill, 2001. Ehrlich, p. And ehrlich, a. The population explosion, new york: simon and schuster, 1990. Jackson, et al. Global issues 1999-2000, guilford, ct: duskin publishing group inc. , 1998. Jordan, c. Conservation, new york: john wiley and sons, 1995. Miller, g. Tyler living in the environment, principles, connections and solutions: wadsworth publishing, california, 1994. Nebel, b. And wright, r. Environmental science: the way the world works, new jersey: prentice hall, 1997. The cropper foundation (tcf), 2009. Sustainable development. Terms and concept: a reference for teachers and student. Port-of-spain, trinidad biodiversity of the caribbean. A learning resource prepared for eastern caribbean states, canada: ekos Communications inc. 2009. Websites: www. Redlist. Org/info/captions www. Biomeso. Net [emailprotected] Org cxc a25/u2/10 9 unit 1 module 2: human population and the environment general objectives on completion of this module, students should: 1. Understand the historical and geographical trends in human population growth and consumption patterns; 2. Understand the socio-environmental impacts related to population growth; 3. Understand the factors that affect the growth rate of human populations; 4. Appreciate the need for sustainable development; 5. Acquire knowledge and develop practical and analytical skills. Specific objectives explanatory notes students should be able to: 1. (i) (i) age and sex structure. Fertility rates. (iii) mortality rates. (iv) life span and life expectancy. (v) immigration. (vi) emigration. (vii) 10 dependence of people on ecological systems and processes. (ii) cxc a25/u2/10 abiotic and biotic factors that affect the distribution of population and their activities. (iii) explain the demographic characteristics of human population; adaptation of people to the environment (including but not limited to how people adapt to the environment, crops they grow, culture, clothes, shelter). Assess the relationship between people and the environment; doubling time. Unit 1 module 2: human population and the environment (cont’d) specific objectives explanatory notes students should be able to: 3. Describe historical trends in human population size; compare historical and current trends in human population growth. 4. Describe the current geographical distribution of human population growth; current geographical distribution of human population growth: (i) (ii) age and sex structure. Fertility rate, mortality rate, birth rate, (i) population size and growth rate. Fertility rate; mortality rate; migration rate, birth rate. Percentage increase in population (iii) 7. (i) (ii) 6. Doubling time (i) culture. (ii) religion. (iii) level and cost of education. (iv) social and economic status of women. (v) availability of pension schemes. (vi) level of affluence. (vii) interpret demographic tables, graphs and charts; in developed nations. (ii) 5. In developing nations; economic development. Calculate changes in demographic characteristics; assess the factors affecting population growth rate; cxc a25/u2/10 11 unit 1 module 2: human population and the environment (cont’d) Specific objectives explanatory notes students should be able to: 8. Assess the effectiveness of population control methods and measures; population control measures: (i) (ii) 9. Indirect natural disasters (floods, earthquakes, volcanoes, hurricanes). (i) assess the relationship between population growth and poverty; direct family planning measures and methods, government policies the indices of poverty: (a) access to education; (b) access to health care; (c) access to basic needs such as food, housing, water. (ii) (iii) 10. Describe variation patterns; in current human environmental impacts of population Growth (for example, deforestation in haiti. Include social, biological, economic, physical considerations). (i) geographical consumption per capita, gross gross national gnp), human (hdi), gender (gdi). Domestic product and product (gdp and development index development index consumption patterns as quantified by statistics on: (a) (b) per capita fuel consumption; (d) per capita greenhouse gas emissions; (e) 12 per capita food consumption; (c) cxc a25/u2/10 per capita water consumption; per capita waste production. Unit 1 module 2: human population and the environment (cont’d) specific objectives Explanatory notes students should be able to: (ii) 11. Explain the principal ways in which people impact negatively on the environment; current trends in per capita consumption particularly influenced by lifestyles in developed and developing countries. Environmental impacts of over consumption in developed and developing countries. (i) (ii) pollution. (iv) introduction of exotic species. Change in lifestyles. (ii) the use of substitutes. Application of environmentally friendly technology. (iv) efficient use of natural resources, for example, recycling. Refer to module 3, specific objective 10. Explain the relationship between population growth and sustainable development. Cxc a25/u2/10 (i) causes of urbanisation. (ii) 14. Explain the environmental impacts of urbanisation; (i) (iii) 13. Explain how the impacts mentioned in specific objective 11 may be mitigated; habitat destruction. (iii) 12. Overexploitation. Environmental impacts of urbanisation (including but not limited to sanitation, water supply, traffic congestion, housing, pollution, health care). (i) concept of sustainable development. (ii) goals of sustainable development. 13 unit 1 module 2: human population and the environment (cont’d) Population growth and changing consumption patterns as constraints to sustainable development in a finite world. (iv) strategic imperative for sustainable development #4 â€Å"ensuring a sutainable level of population† (our common future, brundtland report, 1987). Suggested teaching and learning activities to facilitate students’ attainment of the objectives of this module, teachers are advised to engage students in the teaching and learning activities listed below. 1. Study a local population based on census statistics; generate population age structure, for all individuals and separately by sex. 2. Calculate crude birth rates, age-specific birth rates, total fertility rates, crude death rates, agespecific death rates, infant mortality rates, percentage annual increase in population size, and doubling times for populations. 3. Interpret world population data sheets, as produced, for example, by the population reference bureau inc. 4. Arrange a debate on high population growth or high consumerism as principal causes of global environmental problems, using, for example, reports from the 1992 rio conference. 5. Conduct case studies of population size management and of related changes in consumption patterns. 6. Organise a debate on the definitions of development and sustainable development, and on the question of what constitutes an acceptable standard of living. 7. Discuss the main issues addressed by: (i) the 1972 stockholm conference; (ii) the 1980 international union for the conservation of nature (iucn) world conservation strategy; (iii) the 1987 brundtland report (our common future); cxc a25/u2/10 14 unit 1 module 2: human population and the environment (cont’d) (iv) the 1992 united nations conference on environment and development (the rio conference); (v) the 1994 united nations conference on small island developing states; The 2002 world summit on sustainable development johannesburg. Resources chiras, d. Environmental science. Action for a sustainable future, united states of america: the benjamin/cummings publishing company, inc. 1994. Cunningham, w. And saigo, b. Environmental science, a global concern: sixth edition, new york: mcgraw hill, 2001. Ehrlich, p. And ehrlich, a. The population explosion, new york: simon and schuster, 1990. Jordan, c. F. Conservation, new york: john wiley and sons, 1995. Miller, g. Tyler living in the environment, principles, connections and solutions: wadsworth publishing, california, 1994. Nebel, b. , and wright, r. Environmental science: the way the world works, new jersey: prentice hall, 1997. Wwf, iucn, unep caring for the earth: a strategy for sustainable living, 1981. Websites: www. American. Edu/ted/hp21. Htm www. Undp. Org/gef/ www. Un. Org. Esa/esa/sustdev/docu ments/agenda21/index. Htm the cropper foundation (tcf), sustainable development. Terms and concept: a reference for teachers and student. Port-of-spain, trinidad: 2009. Cxc a25/u2/10 biodiversity of the caribbean. A learning resource prepared for eastern caribbean states, 2009. Canada: ekos communications inc. 15 unit 1 Module 3: sustainable use of natural resources general objectives on completion of this module, students should: 1. Be aware of the major ‘natural resources’ in the caribbean; 2. Understand the factors affecting natural resource use and the environmental impacts of their use; 3. Be aware of measures and tools available for sustainable use and conservation of natural resources; 4. Understand the value of natural resources; 5. Understand the concept of ecological sustainability and implications for natural resource use; 6. Acquire knowledge and develop practical and analytical skills. Specific objectives Explanatory notes students should be able to: 1. Explain the term natural resources; temporal dimensions and limitations placed by technology. 2. Differentiate between renewable and non-renewable natural resources; exhaustible and inexhaustible resources; (i) types and examples of natural resources: renewable and non-renewable. (ii) types and examples of exhaustible and inexhaustible resources. (i) consumptive quarrying). (ii) non-consumptive use bioprospecting, ecotourism, research. 3. Differentiate between the consumptive and non-consumptive use of natural resources; cxc a25/u2/10 16 use (logging, fishing, Unit 1 module 3: sustainable use of natural resources (cont’d) specific objectives explanatory notes students should be able to: 4. (i) identify the major categories of natural resources in caribbean countries; biodiversity: (a) species (b) genetic (c) ecosystems: forest; coral reefs; wetlands; seagrass beds; mangroves; freshwater and marine ecosystems. (ii) (iii) (i) livelihood (income generating activity). (ii) foreign exchange earner. (iii) food security. (iv) raw material for industrial processes. (v) recreation. (vi) sacred and spiritual value. (vii) assess the importance of natural resources in the caribbean; Soil, landscape and seascape, (beaches, cliffs, mountains). Ecosystem value. Identify the location and distribution of natural resources in the caribbean; 6. Minerals and hydrocarbons: bauxite; gold; sand and gravel; oil; natural gas. (iv) 5. Water as a resource, for example, waterfalls, lakes, streams, groundwater. (viii) intrinsic value. (ix) cxc a25/u2/10 17 research and teaching. Unit 1 module 3: sustainable use of natural resources (cont’d) specific objectives students should be able to: 7. Evaluate factors affecting natural resource use in the caribbean; explanatory notes (i) political government policies on Natural resource use: (a) (b) (ii) economic policies; environmental and natural resources policies. Economic: role of foreign investment; export of natural resources as primary products; sectoral activities tourism, agriculture, mining, manufacturing, national debt. Refer to explanatory 8. Access the environmental impact of natural resource use including tourism; (i) development specific objective note (iv). 10, biodiversity: (a) habitat disruption destruction; and (c) 18 and (b) cxc a25/u2/10 species depletion extinction; disruption processes. Of ecosystem unit 1 module 3: sustainable use of natural resources (cont’d) Specific objectives explanatory notes students should be able to: (ii) water as a resource: (a) (b) (iii) pollution and depletion of surface and groundwater, degradation of water, depletion of aquifers. Human health risks (water borne disease) watershed destruction. Minerals and hydrocarbons: (a) (b) dust and noise pollution; (d) pollution from the discharge of process chemicals; (e) sedimentation and siltation; (f) beach loss and change in river course; (g) oil spills; (h) human health risks; (i) 19 transformation of landscape (c) cxc a25/u2/10 physical conversion of vegetation and land; social dynamics (displacement of Communities and introduction of new settlements). Unit 1 module 3: sustainable use of natural resources (cont’d) specific objectives explanatory notes students should be able to: (iv) soil, landscape and seascape: (a) (b) (v) soil, landscape seascape: (e) and (i) transformation of natural landscape to built environment; (f) cxc a25/u2/10 degradation and destruction of coral reefs, seagrass beds and mangroves the broad concept of natural resource conservation including: management; rehabilitation; restoration; preservation; conservation (in-situ and ex-situ). Reasons for resource conservation: (a) ecological: depletion or Degradation of natural resources and the threat to sustainable development; conservation of components of life support systems; conservation of endangered and threatened species; (b) ethical: sacredness; right to exist; (c) aesthetical value. Beach erosion (h) degradation and destruction of coral reefs, seagrass beds and mangroves soil degradation, erosion and sedimentation; soil productivity (g) (ii) beach erosion (d) justify the need for natural resource conservation; soil degradation, erosion and sedimentation; soil productivity (c) 9. Transformation of natural landscape to built environment; 20 unit 1 Module 3: sustainable use of natural resources (cont’d) 10. Describe measures and tools available for natural resource management and conservation; (ii) use of substitutes for nonrenewable resources; use of appropriate technology. Refer to module 2, specific objective 12. Reduction and minimisation of waste recycling of solid, liquid and gaseous wastes. (iv) use of economic instruments: user fees; taxes; penalties; incentives; economic valuation of natural resources; environmental accounting and greening of national budgets. (v) land use planning and zoning regulation;integrated development planning and integrated Coastal zone management. (vi) 21 rates and techniques for exploitation of renewable resources; sustainable yield management. (iii) cxc a25/u2/10 (i) environmental impact assessments (a brief introduction to eia as a planning and decision making tool to natural resource management and conservation). Unit 1 module 3: sustainable use of natural resources (cont’d) (vii) protected area systems (international union for the conservation of nature (iucn) classification): a. Role; b. Ecotourism (viii) community based natural resource management (participation, monitoring and evaluation). (ix) environmental legislation, Policies and plans (sustainable development plans, natural environmental action plans (neap), forest management plans, integrated coastal zone management plans; enforcement and implementation. (x) education, public awareness, advocacy and training. (agenda 21, chapter 36). International environmental and conservation agreements. (xi) (a) (b) 22 united nations convention on biological diversity (uncbd); (c) cxc a25/u2/10 united nations framework convention on climate change (unfccc and kyoto protocol); united nations convention to combat desertification (unccd); unit 1 module 3: sustainable use of natural resources (cont’d) Specific objectives explanatory notes students should be able to: (d) specifically protected areas and wildlife (spaw); (e) ramsar convention; (f) marine pollution (marpol). 11. Analyse the effectiveness of measures implemented for natural resource management and conservation; refer to so 10 12. Describe ways in which indigenous people have used and managed their natural resources. (i) agriculture: rotation of fields during slash/burn activities, use of organic fertilizers, intercropping; (ii) use of forest: timber and non-timber forest products (ntfps); (iii) fishing: traditional fishing methods (iv) Case studies from belize, dominica, guyana, st. Vincent and the grenadines and suriname. Suggested teaching and learning activities to facilitate students’ attainment of the objectives of this module, teachers are advised to engage students in the teaching and learning activities listed below. 1. Case studies of community based natural resources management, for example, forest, wetlands. 2. Research on indigenous people and natural resources. 3. Field exercises: species identification; visit to industry; visits and assessment of community based natural resource management initiatives, visit to indigenous communities. Cxc a25/u2/10 23 unit 1 module 3: sustainable use of natural resources (cont’d) 4. Discuss the main issues relating to the natural obligation under unfccc, unccd and the uncbd. 5. Visits to or lectures by representatives of natural resource agencies. 6. View videos and slides of natural resource management activities and protected areas. Resources bossi, r. And cintro, g. Mangroves of the wider caribbean: toward sustainable management, barbados: caribbean conservation association, 1990. Chiras, d. Environmental science. Action for a sustainable future, United states of america: the benjamin/cummings publishing company inc. , 1994. Cunningham, w. And saigo, b. Environmental science, a global concern, new york: mcgraw hill, 2001. Cutter, s. And william, r. Exploitation, conservation, preservation: a geographic perspective on natural resource use, john haynes – bohaham, 2001. David, b. , breton, i. Brom, d. , and horne, m. Wasted resource management; resilience, adaptation and community diversity, canada: idrc international development research centre. Ehrlich, p. And ehrlich, a. The population explosion, new york: simon and schuster, 1

A Streetcar Named Desire Themes free essay sample

Stanley stalks fiercely† â€Å"with a shouted oath he tosses the instrument out of the window† Stanley supposedly hits Stella after she protests at his outbreak of rage when he threw the radio out of the window. There is a sound of a blow. Stella cries out† On this occasion Stanley’s attitude towards Stella is purely physical and violent. We do not see Stanley hit Stella but the stage directions tell us information and we assume that he has. (Scene 10) Blanche tries to fend Stanley off with a broken bottle top â€Å"she smashes a bottle on the table and faces him† . However this doesn’t deter Stanley and he â€Å"Springs towards her, overturning the table. † He then carries her into the bedroom. It is up to the reader to make up their mind as to what happens after that, but it is implied that Stanley rapes Blanche, the pinnacle of his violent state. We will write a custom essay sample on A Streetcar Named Desire Themes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Sexuality (Scene 1) Blanche feels that she will have no privacy as she is only separated from Stanley and Stella’s bedroom by a curtain. â€Å"But there’s no door between the two rooms, and Stanley-will it be descent? †-Blanche. This suggests that Blanche feels that she will be imposing on Stella and Stanley’s sexual relationship. She feels uncomfortable with the situation. Scene 3) Blanche flirts with Mitch, displaying her feminine sexuality. She exaggerates her (assumed) purity and innocence. â€Å"Blanche means white† which reflects purity. We find out that both Blanche and Mitch are romantically interested in each other. (Scene 7) Stanley reveals to Stella the information that he found out about Blanches past, from Shaw. She was selling herself sexually and got involved with a 17 year-old boy. â€Å"They got wised up after two or three dates with her and then they quit, and she goes on to another†-Stanley. It shows how Blanche’s past revolves around sexuality, and sexual favours. Love Stella is truly in love with Stanley and it is a running theme in the play that Stella will always go back to Stanley. â€Å"They’re crazy about each other†- Mitch. Blanche loved her husband. â€Å"I loved him unendurably†-Blanche â€Å"Blanche didn’t just love him, but worshipped the ground he walked on†-Stella Loneliness (Scene 2) When Stanley touches Blanches love letters she expresses her devastating feeling of loss, and loneliness. It is obvious that she is in need of companionship. â€Å"poems a dead boy wrote†- Blanche . By stating that she is not â€Å"Vulnerable† anymore, actually increases how much the reader sees how much she needs someone. (Scene 6) Blanche and Mitch are both alone, â€Å"you need somebody, and i need somebody too. Could it be – you and me, Blanche? †-Mitch. Mitch and Blanche both understand feelings of loneliness and by supposing that they are to be together then they will no longer have to be alone. Scene 8) Mitch doesn’t come to Blanche’s birthday party. â€Å"It’s the first time in my entire experience with men, and I’ve had a good deal of all sorts that I’ve actually been stood up by anybody! † Blanche tries to make light of the situation, but now we can see that she is truly alone, without any friends. She tries to make sure no one can see her loneliness. Opposing Backgrounds (Scene 1) Blanche arrives in New Orle ans, expecting it to be of the same class as where she and her sister Stella grew up. The contrast of her standing in the Kowalski flat which is simple and common, and wearing clothes that suggest great wealth and a proper upbringing, tells the reader that there may not only be opposing class in the play, but opposing views and lifestyle too. â€Å"This-can this be- her home? †- Blanche This quote shows Blanches shock as to where her sister lives. (Scene 4) Blanche has a very low opinion of Stanley and his general manners around the flat, and his actions towards Stella, his wife. â€Å"He acts like an animal, has an animal’s habits! Eats like one, moves like one, talks like one! It is this time n the play that Blanche really lets go and expresses how she really feels. She feels that Stella, being from a more educated background, is too good for a commoner like Stanley. (Scene 8) Stanley is aware of his and Stella’s opposing backgrounds, and yet he doesn’t express it in the way that Blanche does. He does not see it as a negative thing. He f eels that he did Stella a favour by pulling her â€Å"down off them columns†. It shows that although he and Stella are from different worlds, they have created their own personal breed, where the upper and working class can live together happily. Lies/Hypocrisy (Scene 1) When Stanley first meets Blanche, she says that she has not drunk any of his liquor, but we think Stanley is quite suspicious. He comes back by saying â€Å"Some people rarely touch it, but it touches them often† This is ironic as we know that Blanche HAS drunk Stanley’s alcohol. And she lies by saying that she hasn’t. (Scene 2) Stanley believes that Blanche has been lying about the loss of Belle Reve, and that he and Stella have been â€Å"Swindled† He uses reference of the â€Å"Napoleonic Code†. We later find out that the estate may have been lost on a mortgage, but Stanley does make a very convincing argument, trying to prove Blanche is a liar. (Scene 11) Blanche is in a state of delirium, it seems that she is drowned in her lies and she now begins to believe them as reality. Stella has arranged for Blanche to be institutionalised, but she’s â€Å"got it mixed in her mind with Shep Huntleigh†. Blanche a Eunice go along with her stories however, these lies, rather than being for personal gain, are to benefit Blanche and her wellbeing.

Marlow Essays - Joseph Conrad, Congo Free State, Heart Of Darkness

Marlow Essays - Joseph Conrad, Congo Free State, Heart Of Darkness Marlow Marlows Catharsis in Heart of Darkness Conrad's novel, Heart of Darkness, relies on the historical period of imperialism to illuminate its protagonist, Charlie Marlow, and his struggle with two opposite value systems. Marlow undergoes a catharsis during his trip to the Congo and learns of the effects of imperialism. I will analyze Marlow's change, which is caused by his exposure to the imperialistic nature of the historical period in which he lived. Marlow goes to the Congo River to report on Mr. Kurtz, a valuable officer, to their employer. When he sets sail, he does not know what to expect. When his journey is complete, his experiences have changed him forever. Heart of Darkness is a story of one man's journey through the African Congo and the enlightenment of his soul. Marlow begins his voyage as an ordinary English sailor who is traveling to the African Congo to work. He is an Englishmen through and through. He has never been exposed to any culture similar to the one he will enco unter in Africa, and he has no idea about the drastically different culture that exists there. Throughout the book, Conrad, via Marlow's observations, reveals to the reader the naive mentality of Europeans. Marlow also shares this naivet in the beginning of his voyage. However, after his first few moments in the Congo, he realizes the ignorance he and all his comrades possess. We first recognize the general naivet of the Europeans when Marlow's aunt sees him for the last time before he embarks on his journey. She assumes that the voyage is a mission of weaning those ignorant millions from their horrid ways [. . .] (line 16). In reality, however, the Europeans are there in the name of imperialism and their sole objective is to earn a substantial profit by collecting all the ivory in Africa. The reader can also see the Europeans obliviousness of reality when Marlow is recounting his adventure aboard the Nellie. He addresses his comrades: When you have to attend to things of that sort, to the mere incidents of the surface, the realitythe reality I tell you-fades. The inner truth is hidden luckily, luckily. But I felt it all the same; I felt often its mysterious stillness watching over me at my monkey tricks, just as it watches you fellows performing on your respective tight ropes for-what is it? half a crown a tumble . . . . (36) While he is in the Congo, although he has to concentrate on the petty everyday things like overseeing the repair of his boat, he is still aware of what is going on around him and of the horrible reality he is in. On the other hand, his friends on the boat simply do not recognize this reality. It is their ignorance and innocence which provokes them to tell Marlow to try to be civil (36). Not only are they oblivious to the reality that Marlow sees, but their naivet is so great that they can not even comprehend such a thing (Johnson 356). Quite surprisingly, this mentality does not pertain exclusively to the Englishmen in Europe. At one poi nt during Marlow's voyage down the Congo, he wakes to find his boat in an enormous patch of fog. At that very instant, a very loud cry is let out (41). After Marlow looks around and makes sure everything is all right, he observes the contrasts of the whites and the blacks expressions: It was very curious to see the contrast of expression of the white men and of the black fellows of our crew, who were as much strangers to that part of the river as we, though their homes were only eight hundred miles away. The whites, of course greatly discomposed, had besides a curious look of being painfully shocked by such an outrageous row. The others had an alert, naturally interested expression; but their faces were essentially quiet[. . .]. (41-42) One can see the simple-mindedness of the Europeans, even though they were exposed to reality. An innocent mentality is engraved in their minds so deeply that even the environment of the Congo can not sway their belief that people simply do not do the

Strategic Managemet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Strategic Managemet - Essay Example Information obtained from its official website shows that the company is guided by its cornerstone value which is to â€Å"build a company with a soul.† The operations of the company are shaped by its mission statement which is: â€Å"To inspire and nurture the human spirit—one person, one cup, and one neighbourhood at a time.† Broadly speaking, Starbucks strives to be â€Å"a purveyor of fine coffees in the world while maintaining uncompromising principles.† The company seeks to differentiate itself from other competitors in the coffee industry through provision of finest coffees to the customers. In actual fact, it can be observed that the success of the company can be attributed to its differentiation strategy. This report mainly focuses on the US segment since this company is very popular in this country. It operates its own stores as well as licensed stores. The FY11 Annual report states that the US segment of the company contributed about 69 % of the total revenue raised and this is the reason why this paper focuses on analysing the strategic fit of this particular company in the US. Regulations such as North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) however have a bearing on the operations of this company. In order to analyse the macro environment of Starbucks, PESTEL analysis will be utilized while Porter’s five forces model will specifically focus on analysing the microenvironment of the organization. There are various external factors that shape the operations of Starbucks and PESTEL stands for political, economic, social, technological, environmental as well as legal factors that impact the operations of the organization and these characterize its external environment in which it has little control of (Armstrong & Kotler, 2004). Appendix 1 at the end of the report summarises the external environmental factors that affect the operations of

The Meaning of Health and Illness in the Mexican Culture Essay

The Meaning of Health and Illness in the Mexican Culture - Essay Example Without a doubt, health can be deeply understood in terms of a combination of biological, cultural and social factors slightly than with the sole purpose in biological terms. As it was stated above that the complete health image can be understood more deep by diverse of factors. No one can deny that the social influence on health is significant, where the better health and higher quality of life of community members depend on the level of their participation in the social networks, assistance to each other and overall change of the society to become more healthy and prosperous. Such social networks usually include the family, friends, neighbors, church, work, sport clubs and other social groups where people can exchange information, experience and advices. For Mexican people, health is seen as holistic issue or a unity between mind, spirit and body. In the West, the doctor hopes to "cure" a problem after people are unbearably sick, when they are in pain or feel physically disruptive symptoms. A traditional Mexican practitioner, by contrast, seeks to prevent disease by keeping all systems balanced and finely tuned throughout the patient's life span. Consultation with the practitioner of acupuncture is ideally an ongoing part of every patient's life. Although the idea of preventive medicine (for instance, prenatal care) is prominent in current discussions about revamping our medical care system, there is really no comparison to the prevention that is accomplished through acupuncture and herbs. illness also comes from a gradual blocking and deficiency of body energy. Mexican people see the body threatened by lifestyle factors such as overeating or overworking. We also look for disharmonies of the internal nature in intensely prolonged emo tional states such as grief or depression (LaVeist, 2005). Mexican culture and gender have their own influences on health care since the person's socioeconomic status, ethnicity, gender and other factors directly affect his/her perception of the disease, necessity or financial ability to seek appropriate treatment. It is obvious that those people who live in poverty or from low socioeconomic status receive less medical help than those with stable income and medical coverage. In multi-ethnical communities the doctors can influence the patients by learning and understanding the beliefs, attitudes and experiences of patients from different ethnical groups and nationalities. The influence of gender on health care can be observed while analyzing the female and male patients, their attitudes and behaviors, where men are usually direct and logical decision makers and women are less independent and more influenced by others (Chabram-Derners, Torre 2008). While some symptoms are obvious both for the person him/herself and others around (nervousness, physical dependence on alcohol or drugs, etc), other symptoms are rather difficult to recognize. Usually, people use schemas as the organized ways to look at things and people that influence person's expectations, behavior, etc. Certainly, to seek medical treatment is the responsibility of each drug-dependent person or those who surround him based on the perception of the severity of the addiction symptoms. Though, there are some factors that might positively influence treatment seeking, including belief systems, certain life activities, gender, SES and ethnicity. While the good patient role presumes that the person behaves well and properly by following the prescribed treatment and medical services, the role of bad

Organisational Culture of Healthcare Organisation

Organisational Culture of Healthcare Organisation Ethical Organization Introduction: In this paper, I have described about the Sauk Village Community Health Care Center, which is an ethical organization. Apart from this, the paper includes the mission statement, vision statement and code of ethics. It also reveals the interrelationship between the mission, vision and code of ethics. The paper also describes about the organizational culture, leadership and oversight about measuring the organization performance Description of the Organization The Sauk Village Community Health Care Center is an ethical organization, which provides services related to the job training, shelter, education, food, clothing, medical treatment and other different types of counseling. Its clientele includes elderly people, teen mothers, disabled and peoples without home. It also includes people from the low income group. This is basically a non profit organization, receiving funds from the grants by the government. Mission Statement Its mission statement is based on the ethical grounds. Mission statement reflects the objectives of the organization, which are: Safe guarding the clients well being and health belonging to the community of Sauk Village; It especially includes those who are in greater needs. The next objective is to extend its services all over the community in Sauk Village in order to provide short and long term care to the people suffering from the complex and chronic health related problems and also to those suffering from economic and social problems. The main aim of this health center is to offer help and care to those people who are not getting help from anywhere. This organization helps its community to prosper and grow. This is done by: Proper Implementation of policy formulated by government. By Continuing the development of Program By growing the capacity of service provided By Having a adequate staffing Assisting people in living separately without depending on others. By making the outcomes better through screening, prevention and early intervention. By Assisting people in reducing homelessness Ethical aspect of mission: Its mission statement reflects the ethical system as it states that the existence of the company is for the protection of the well being of its clients. Therefore, no harm can occur either physically or mentally to the clients through the policy of discrimination or bias by the organization. The company is committed in providing best care for all the people who are in need. The company’s supreme goal is to provide right and appropriate health care on time from the superior staff so that they can easily overcome their ill health. The mission statement covey that the organization is with the people of community in each and every respect whether it’s mental health, education, training related to job and health and helping clients in becoming independent members of the community. Apart from this, the organization doesn’t allow any discrimination based on the caste, color and pay scale. Hence, the objectives of its mission statement are reflected in all its programs, activities and services. Value Statement The value statement of the organization is to concentrate on the clients by putting their efforts towards the betterment of their welfare and treating the people with due respect and dignity. This organization believes in performing best and improving the means of doing the things. Being a provider of health and human services, its value statement says that its workers are committed in achieving the best results. Apart from this, it will not differentiate client based on the age, race, sexual orientation or sex. The organization believes in providing excellent solution to the clients and the community. These value statements form the important part of the organization as these values are capable of encouraging actions. Moral aspect of Value Statement: The value statement formulated by the organization is ethical as this persuades workers to treat people in the right manner. Therefore, value statement is morally correct. The value statement shows the close association with the mission statement as value statement relates to the welfare of the community and clients. The mission and the value statement directs in doing best for the people without any biasness or injustice. The organization approach to provide the services depends on the following: RELATIONSHIPS – it is an important factor in establishing the trust and nurturing clients and other people in the community that the organization serves. SUPERIORITY – it gains superiority by providing best outcomes. RESPONSIBILITY – the organization is self responsible in taking self regulated action in order to achieve the success. SERVICE – the organization provides fair and equal services to all its clients LEARNING – the organization is committed towards the learning as it adopts the changes and brings new creativity. Code of Ethics The code of ethics of Sauk Village Community Health Care Center comprises of the following elements: Sheer Commitment towards the Diversity Abstain from any sorts of discrimination Abide by the Law Sustaining competency and expertise in management by implementation of the assessment program and through the various education schemes. Interest of all is taken care of i.e. no Conflicts are related to the interest Requesting for funds under ethical consideration Treating Volunteers with respect and dignity similar to the staff The process of Hiring is done in accordance with the assenting guidelines of action Using Code of ethics for the benefit of the profession and not for self-centered reasons Evading from the misuse of professional relationships for private benefits The code of ethics is capable of inspiring tangible outcome from the employees; this is so because to work properly for the organization, these serve as the guidelines which they are supposed to follow. And also, they would expect the same thing if they would have been the volunteer or client. Code of ethics shows the close relation with the mission and the value statement of the organization as all these three are aimed at protecting the health and welfare of the people. All these do not favor discrimination based on caste, creed and age. All These things help in providing the client best possible health care. As per the value statement, clients are treated with respect. Organization Culture Organizational culture is a set of characteristics that are commonly shared by people in the organization. Such characteristics may be in the forms of assumptions, beliefs, values and norms which are known as abstract elements of culture. As my organization is related to the human healthcare and services, I would plan to promote the culture of my organization on the basis of good health care of our clients. The employees of the organization would share the beliefs and values of each other along with that of organization. The culture of the organization would be based on some factors such as innovation and risk taking, attention to detail, outcome orientation, people orientation, team orientation, aggressiveness, stability, etc. (Prasad, 2008). In order to develop ethical culture, I would develop an understanding among all the staff members about the fact that union is strength. If we will work together, we will definitely achieve the goals of the organization. The culture of the organization would institutionalize the values of the organization because it regularly encourages the staff member to follow the values, beliefs and mission of the organization for the clients. By this way, it would be possible for us to provide the best health service within the low cost structure to the patients. Leadership Leadership is the process of influencing the behavior of others to work willingly and enthusiastically for achieving predetermined goals. At the post of the leader, a person is largely responsible for the culture of the organization. In some organizations, managers assume that they are not a leader, but as they are managers, the employees of the organization ultimately follow their behavior. Leadership is an important factor for making any type of organization successful. Without a good leader and leadership process, a manager cannot function effectively and efficiently (Gupta, 2007). My way of leadership is based on the participative style. In this style, I take decisions after consulting with my followers and after their participation in the decision-making process. I involve my group members in the decisions on the feasibility and workability of an idea. I believe that their co-operation in the attainment of organizational goals can be enlisted only if they are committed to the organization, and that commitment can be ensured only by an honest and open communication of ideas with them and by the development of a team spirit. I encourage my subordinates to function as a social unit, and make full use of their talents and abilities. I encourage subordinates to exercise high degrees of responsibility and freedom. They use as little authoritarian control as possible and are concerned with group relationship as well as getting the job done. They do not delegate their right to make final decisions and to give specific directives to their subordinates, but to seek the ir thoughts and opinions on many decisions that affect them. By this way, I cultivate the decision-making abilities of my subordinates and encourage them to increase their abilities to exercise self-control and urge them to assume greater responsibility for guiding their own efforts (Prasad, 2008). This style is very useful in many ways. When workers feel that their ideas are important and are being made use of, they feel considerably committed to change in which they have participated. Workers also develop a greater feeling of self-esteem. They maximize their potential in creative and productive ways and experience personal satisfaction and accomplishment of their tasks. Further, when most people are given a little freedom, they develop and grow in personality and job competence. Often they will take on more responsibilities than their job descriptions call for because of the pleasure they take in their work. I adopt a helpful attitude toward my subordinates. In this leadership style, I delegate as much responsibility to the members of the work team as their experience and knowledge will permit. I place emphasis on results rather than on an action. My philosophy is: â€Å"It is not always how a job gets done that is important but that the job does get done.† I show my concern towards the employees and thereby gain their respect. The role communication is very much important in establishing my leadership style. Without proper communication, the decisions cannot be made and delegated effectively. Effective communication creates workable understanding and agreement between two persons. I believe that full co-operation from the subordinates can only be achieved when there is clarity in communication. Proper and effective communication helps in building a trust worthy relationship between the leader and the subordinates. Effective leadership communication can be accomplished only when it has credibility. If I want to become a good leader, it is essential for me to be a good listener. By this way, I not only give chance to my subordinates to speak but also gather useful information for further communication. If the communication between my subordinates and me is not effective, I will not be able to guide and motivate them properly so as to accomplish the organizational goals. I will give incentives and bonus to th e employees on the basis of their performances. As a leader, it is my moral responsibility to follow the ethics and check the behavior of followers and culture of organization and make sure that everything is going right according to the ethics of the organization. As a leader, it is very essential for me to adopt the code of ethics, so that my followers will do the same. Oversight In order to maintain the ethical standard and evaluate the performance of the employees, I will conduct a periodical performance evaluation program. This would include weakly evaluation, monthly evaluation and yearly evaluation. On the basis of this evaluation, the employees would also get the appraisal and other compensation and benefits in the organization. I will conduct one on one interview with my staff in which I will discuss about the performance, strength, weaknesses and opportunity areas of the staff member and also provide suggestion, ideas and opinions to improve their performance. I will also give the grades or marks to the employees according to their performance and maintain a chart, which would help me to analyze the performance and improvement area of the employee. In place of oversight, I will put the system of ethical counseling board. They will give an opinion to me and my staff member in the circumstance when the ethics would not be followed. In order to handle th e other business issues like fund raising increases and decreases in the resources, there will a committee of board of directors in my organization (Kettner, 2002). Conclusion From the study, it can be concluded that the mission, vision and code of ethics form the core for an organization. These serve as the guiding tool for the employees and help them in providing direction in order to satisfy their clients in best possible manner. For better conduction and coordination among the employees, organizational culture plays a vital role. Apart from this, in order to make the organization successful, effective leadership is required. And in order to evaluate the performance of the employees and maintaining the ethical standard, periodical performance evaluation plays a vital role. Therefore, all these factors form an important component of the ethical framework. References Gupta, C.B. (2007), Human Resource Management (3rd Edition), New Delhi: Sultan Chand and Sons. Kettner, P. M. (2002). Achieving Excellence in the Management of Human Service Organizations. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Manning, S. S. (2003). Ethical Leadership in Human Services: A Multi-Dimensional Approach. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Prasad, L.M (2008), Organizational Behavior (3rd Revised Edition),New Delhi: Sultan Chand and Sons. Village of Sauk Village (2008). Retrieved May 16, 2008, from http://www.saukvillage.org/